Flatpak
简介¶
来自项目官网:
Flatpak是一个框架，用于跨平台支持各种Linux发行版分发桌面应用程序。 它是由在Linux桌面上有着悠久工作历史的开发人员创建的，并作为一个独立的开源项目运行。
Flatpak会在安装Rocky Linux系统时默认被安装，其中就包括GNOME(“带GUI的服务器”或“工作站”)。 也可以手动安装。 (请参考下面的手动安装过程) 这是一种当你想要使用工具自定义桌面环境的好方法。
手动安装¶
注意
如果你已经在运行完整的GNOME桌面环境，则可以跳过此步骤。
使用下面的命令安装 Flatpak:
sudo dnf install flatpak
添加 Flatpak 仓库
flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub https://dl.flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo
重启系统
sudo shutdown -r now
Flatpak 命令¶
查看所有 Flatpak 可用命令:
flatpak --help
输出结果如下:
Usage:
flatpak [OPTION…] COMMAND
Builtin Commands:
Manage installed applications and runtimes
install Install an application or runtime
update Update an installed application or runtime
uninstall Uninstall an installed application or runtime
mask Mask out updates and automatic installation
pin Pin a runtime to prevent automatic removal
list List installed apps and/or runtimes
info Show info for installed app or runtime
history Show history
config Configure flatpak
repair Repair flatpak installation
create-usb Put applications or runtimes onto removable media
Find applications and runtimes
search Search for remote apps/runtimes
Manage running applications
run Run an application
override Override permissions for an application
make-current Specify default version to run
enter Enter the namespace of a running application
ps Enumerate running applications
kill Stop a running application
Manage file access
documents List exported files
document-export Grant an application access to a specific file
document-unexport Revoke access to a specific file
document-info Show information about a specific file
Manage dynamic permissions
permissions List permissions
permission-remove Remove item from permission store
permission-set Set permissions
permission-show Show app permissions
permission-reset Reset app permissions
Manage remote repositories
remotes List all configured remotes
remote-add Add a new remote repository (by URL)
remote-modify Modify properties of a configured remote
remote-delete Delete a configured remote
remote-ls List contents of a configured remote
remote-info Show information about a remote app or runtime
Build applications
build-init Initialize a directory for building
build Run a build command inside the build dir
build-finish Finish a build dir for export
build-export Export a build dir to a repository
build-bundle Create a bundle file from a ref in a local repository
build-import-bundle Import a bundle file
build-sign Sign an application or runtime
build-update-repo Update the summary file in a repository
build-commit-from Create new commit based on existing ref
repo Show information about a repo
Help Options:
-h, --help Show help options
Application Options:
--version Print version information and exit
--default-arch Print default arch and exit
--supported-arches Print supported arches and exit
--gl-drivers Print active gl drivers and exit
--installations Print paths for system installations and exit
--print-updated-env Print the updated environment needed to run flatpaks
--print-system-only Only include the system installation with --print-updated-env
-v, --verbose Show debug information, -vv for more detail
--ostree-verbose Show OSTree debug information
没必要记住所有命令列表，知道如何进入列表并使用选项 --help 即可。
警告
如果使用的是RockyLinux9.x版本，运行命令时可能遇到下面的问题：
```bash
flatpak search [packagename]
```
其中[packagename]是要查找的软件包，将返回：
```text
F: Failed to parse /var/lib/flatpak/appstream/flathub/x86_64/active/appstream.xml.gz file: Error on line 4065 char 29: <p> already set '
Organic Maps is a free Android & iOS offline maps app for travelers,
tourists, hikers, drivers, and cyclists.
It uses crowd-sourced OpenStreetMap data and is developed with love by
' and tried to replace with ' ('
No matches found
```
对此没有解决方法。为了避免出现错误，请使用本文档中的Flathub资源获取并安装所需的软件包。
Flathub¶
Flatchub是一个用于获取或提交桌面软件包的web资源网站。
要访问 Flathub, 查看 https://flathub.org/. 这里有非常多用心整理的桌面软件包，它们被很好地划分为不同的类别。
Flathub 对接 Flatpak¶
比如, 安装 OBS Studio 的过程如下:
在 Flathub 进入 "Audio & Video" 选项
从列表中找到 "OBS Studio"
单击“Install”安装按钮旁边的向下箭头
- 确保已经安装了Rocky Linux需要的所有必备依赖(第二个图片中的数字1所指向的内容，上面已经完成)，然后复制命令(第二图片中的数字2所指向的内容) 并将其粘贴到终端中
flatpak install flathub com.obsproject.Studio
Looking for matches…
Required runtime for com.obsproject.Studio/x86_64/stable (runtime/org.kde.Platform/x86_64/6.6) found in remote flathub
Do you want to install it? [Y/n]: Y
- 当你回答 "Y" 并点击 Enter 键的时候, 你将看到类似下面的输出:
com.obsproject.Studio permissions:
ipc network pulseaudio wayland
x11 devices file access [1] dbus access [2]
system dbus access [3]
[1] host, xdg-config/kdeglobals:ro, xdg-run/pipewire-0
[2] com.canonical.AppMenu.Registrar, org.a11y.Bus, org.freedesktop.Flatpak, org.freedesktop.Notifications,
org.kde.KGlobalSettings, org.kde.StatusNotifierWatcher, org.kde.kconfig.notify
[3] org.freedesktop.Avahi
ID Branch Op Remote Download
1. com.obsproject.Studio.Locale stable i flathub < 47.0 kB (partial)
2. org.kde.KStyle.Adwaita 6.6 i flathub < 8.0 MB
3. org.kde.Platform.Locale 6.6 i flathub < 380.6 MB (partial)
4. org.kde.PlatformTheme.QGnomePlatform 6.6 i flathub < 9.7 MB
5. org.kde.WaylandDecoration.QAdwaitaDecorations 6.6 i flathub < 1.2 MB
6. org.kde.Platform 6.6 i flathub < 325.0 MB
7. com.obsproject.Studio stable i flathub < 207.7 MB
Proceed with these changes to the system installation? [Y/n]:
回答 "Y" 并点击 Enter 键将按提示修改系统权限并安装应用.
如果安装顺利, 你将看到:
Installation complete.
- 在 "Activities" 菜单, 可以搜索并运行 OBS Studio.
列出安装包¶
要想查看 Flatpak 在你系统上的安装包, 打开终端并执行如下命令:
flatpak list
输出结果类似下面这种:
Name Application ID Version Branch Installation
OBS Project com.obsproject.Studio 30.1.2 stable system
FileZilla org.filezillaproject.Filezilla 3.66.1 stable system
Freedesktop Platform org.freedesktop.Platform 22.08.24 22.08 system
Freedesktop Platform org.freedesktop.Platform 23.08.16 23.08 system
Mesa org.freedesktop.Platform.GL.default 24.0.4 22.08 system
Mesa (Extra) org.freedesktop.Platform.GL.default 24.0.4 22.08-extra system
Mesa org.freedesktop.Platform.GL.default 24.0.5 23.08 system
Mesa (Extra) org.freedesktop.Platform.GL.default 24.0.5 23.08-extra system
Intel org.freedesktop.Platform.VAAPI.Intel 22.08 system
Intel org.freedesktop.Platform.VAAPI.Intel 23.08 system
openh264 org.freedesktop.Platform.openh264 2.1.0 2.2.0 system
openh264 org.freedesktop.Platform.openh264 2.4.1 2.4.1 system
The GIMP team org.gimp.GIMP 2.10.36 stable system
GNOME Application Platform version 46 org.gnome.Platform 46 system
Adwaita theme org.kde.KStyle.Adwaita 6.6 system
KDE Application Platform org.kde.Platform 6.6 system
QGnomePlatform org.kde.PlatformTheme.QGnomePlatform 6.6 system
QAdwaitaDecorations org.kde.WaylandDecoration.QAdwaitaDecorations 6.6 system
更新软件包¶
要想将某个包更新到最新版本, 需要用到 flatpak list 命令中输出的 "Application ID" 那一列对应包的值:
flatpak update com.obsproject.Studio
删除软件包¶
要想将某个包卸载, 也需要用到 flatpak list 命令中输出的 "Application ID" 那一列对应包的值:
flatpak uninstall com.obsproject.Studio
总结¶
你可以使用Flathaub和Flatpak轻松地开发GNOME桌面相关的应用程序, 从游戏到生产力工具都可以。
Author: Steven Spencer
Contributors: Ganna Zhyrnova